Systemd

Tools

systemctl – Control the systemd system and service manager

list-units [PATTERN…]	List units that systemd currently has in memory.
list-sockets [PATTERN…]	List socket units currently in memory, ordered by listening address.
`list-timers [PATTERN...]`	List timer units currently in memory, ordered by the time they elapse next.
list-jobs [PATTERN…]	List jobs that are in progress.
list-dependencies [UNIT…]	Shows units required and wanted by the specified units.
`enable UNIT..., enable PATH...`	Enable one or more units or unit instances. This will create a set of symlinks, as encoded in the “[Install]” sections of the indicated unit files. After the symlinks have been created, the system manager configuration is reloaded (in a way equivalent to daemon-reload), in order to ensure the changes are taken into account immediately.
`disable UNIT...`	Disables one or more units. (won’t start automatically)
`mask UNIT...`	Mask one or more units, as specified on the command line. This will link these unit files to /dev/null, making it impossible to start them. This is a stronger version of disable, since it prohibits all kinds of activation of the unit, including enablement and manual activation. Use this option with care.
`suspend`	Suspend the system. This will trigger activation of the special target unit suspend.target. This command is asynchronous, and will return after the suspend operation is successfully enqueued. It will not wait for the suspend/resume cycle to complete.

A unit file is a plain text ini-style file that encodes information about a service, a socket, a device, a mount point, an automount point, a swap file or partition, a start-up target, a watched file system path, a timer controlled and supervised by systemd(1), a resource management slice or a group of externally created processes. See systemd.syntax(7) for a general description of the syntax.

Usual tasks

systemctl status postfix
systemctl reload-or-restart postfix

Get a list of enabled services

systemctl list-unit-files | grep enabled

Disable a unit (service/timer)

(won’t autostart, but it can still be run manually)

systemctl disable <service>

Get systemd version

# systemctl --version
systemd 239

List timers

systemctl list-timers --all
systemctl list-timers *apt*

List jobs

systemctl list-jobs

List units in failed state

systemctl --state=failed
systemctl --failed

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl reset-failed

Suspend the system

systemctl suspend

journalctl – Query the systemd journal

journalctl pipes its output to the less command, which shows your logs one page at a time in your terminal.

-f, –follow	Show only the most recent journal entries, and continuously print new entries as they are appended to the journal.
-e, –pager-end	Immediately jump to the end of the journal inside the implied pager tool.
-r, –reverse	Reverse output so that the newest entries are displayed first.
-q, –quiet	Suppresses all informational messages (i.e. “– Journal begins at …”, “– Reboot –“), any warning messages regarding inaccessible system journals when run as a normal user.
-b [[ID][±offset]\|all], –boot[=[ID][±offset]\|all]	Show messages from a specific boot. This will add a match for “_BOOT_ID=”. The argument may be empty, in which case logs for the current boot will be shown.
-u,–unit=UNIT\|PATTERN	Show messages for the specified systemd unit UNIT (such as a service unit), or for any of the units matched by PATTERN. This parameter can be specified multiple times.
–user-unit=	Show messages for the specified user session unit.
-p, –priority=	Filter output by message priorities or priority ranges. “emerg” (0), “alert” (1), “crit” (2), “err” (3), “warning” (4), “notice” (5), “info” (6), “debug” (7)
-S, –since=, -U, –until=	Start showing entries on or newer than the specified date, or on or older than the specified date, respectively.
–disk-usage	Shows the current disk usage of all journal files. This shows the sum of the disk usage of all archived and active journal files.
–rotate	Asks the journal daemon to rotate journal files.
–vacuum-size=, –vacuum-time=, –vacuum-files=	Removes the oldest archived journal files until the disk space they use falls below the specified size/older than/specified number of separate journal files
-x, –catalog	Augment log lines with explanation texts from the message catalog. This will add explanatory help texts to log messages in the output where this is available.

Show journal and follow

journalctl -f

Show errors

journalctl -p 3 -xb
journalctl -p err -xb

Show journal and follow, showing only a certain unit

journalctl -f -u NetworkManager
journalctl -f -u pvedaemon

Show today’s logs associated to a certain unit

journalctl -S today -u sanoid.service
journalctl -f -S today -u sanoid.service -u syncoid.service

journalctl -e

Get the log at a specific time

journalctl --since "2020-08-22 23:15:00" --until "2020-08-22 23:45:00"

List boots

journalctl --list-boots

Show all messages from this boot (and last boot)

journalctl -b
journalctl -b -1

From: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Systemd/Journal

https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/journalctl.html

Clear logs

https://linuxhandbook.com/clear-systemd-journal-logs/

networkctl – Query the status of network links

networkctl list
networkctl status -a

timedatectl – Control the system time and date

timedatectl may be used to query and change the system clock and its settings.

$ timedatectl
               Local time: Tue 2021-10-12 12:06:50 CEST
           Universal time: Tue 2021-10-12 10:06:50 UTC 
                 RTC time: Tue 2021-10-12 10:06:50     
                Time zone: Europe/Berlin (CEST, +0200) 
System clock synchronized: yes                         
              NTP service: active                      
          RTC in local TZ: no

timedatectl list-timezones

timedatectl set-timezone Europe/Berlin

$ timedatectl status
$ timedatectl timesync-status
$ timedatectl show-timesync --all

$ vi /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf
$ systemctl restart systemd-timesyncd.service

infos: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/systemd-timesyncd

resolvectl, resolvconf – Resolve domain names, IPV4 and IPv6 addresses, DNS resource records, and service

In systemd 239 systemd-resolve has been renamed to resolvectl

query HOSTNAME\|ADDRESS…	Resolve domain names, as well as IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
openpgp EMAIL@DOMAIN…	Query PGP keys stored as OPENPGPKEY resource records, see RFC 7929[3]. Specified e-mail addresses are converted to the corresponding DNS domain name, and any OPENPGPKEY keys are printed.
status [LINK…]	Shows the global and per-link DNS settings currently in effect.
statistics	Shows general resolver statistics, including information whether DNSSEC is enabled and available, as well as resolution and validation statistics.
flush-caches	Flushes all DNS resource record caches the service maintains locally.
dns	Get/set per-interface DNS configuration. These commands may be used to configure various DNS settings for network interfaces.

resolvectl status

Resolve domain or IP

$ resolvectl query crl3.digicert.com
crl3.digicert.com: 192.229.221.95              -- link: enp5s0
                   (fp2e7a.wpc.phicdn.net)

-- Information acquired via protocol DNS in 28.6ms.
-- Data is authenticated: no; Data was acquired via local or encrypted transport: no
-- Data from: cache network

$ resolvectl query 130.89.148.77
130.89.148.77: klecker-misc.debian.org         -- link: enp5s0

-- Information acquired via protocol DNS in 104.8ms.
-- Data is authenticated: no; Data was acquired via local or encrypted transport: no
-- Data from: network

$ resolvectl query 2603:400a:ffff:bb8::801f:3e
2603:400a:ffff:bb8::801f:3e: mirror-csail.debian.org -- link: enp5s0

-- Information acquired via protocol DNS in 750.5ms.
-- Data is authenticated: no; Data was acquired via local or encrypted transport: no
-- Data from: network

To query DNS connected behind an interface

(for instance tun0 in the case of VPN):

resolvectl -i tun0 query server_behind_VPN

Flush cache

resolvectl flush-caches

Statistics

resolvectl statistics

References

coredumpctl – Retrieve and process saved core dumps and metadata

list	List core dumps captured in the journal matching specified characteristics.
info	Show detailed information about the last core dump or core dumps matching specified characteristics captured in the journal.

coredumpctl list

systemd-analyze – Analyze and debug system manager

As bootchart as been merged in systemd, it is possible to plot the boot sequence to discover what is taking time.

systemd-analyze plot > systemd-analyze-ares.svg

ssh leo@openmediavault.fritz.box systemd-analyze plot > systemd-analyze-openmediavault.svg

systemd/Timers

systemctl list-timers

systemctl status sanoid.timer
sudo systemctl enable sanoid.timer
sudo systemctl start sanoid.timer

https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Systemd/Timers

Random

Important folders

/etc/systemd/

Units

man systemd.unit